- Universality is an “inescapable part” of the nature of computers (pg. 20). - Any computer can read any program. - This means that computers have intrinsically low [[tech gets big through network effects and stays big because of high switching costs|switching costs]]. - Tech companies have to be shady to get around this fact – building walled gardens, exploiting [[{2.1b2} so many products have digital locks because it allows the company to invoke section 1201 of the dmca|bad]] legislation, etc.